Archaeology of Olive Domestication

Olives are the fruit of a tree that today can be found as nearly 2,000 separate cultivars within the Mediterranean basin alone. Today olives come in a huge variety of fruit sizes, shape, and color, and they are grown on every continent except Antarctica. And that may in part be why the history and domestication story of olives is a complicated one. Olives in their native state are virtually inedible by humans, although domestic animals like cattle and goats dont seem to mind the bitter flavor. Once cured in brine, of course, olives are very tasty. Olive wood burns even when wet; which makes it very useful and that may be one attractive characteristic that drew people towards the management of olive trees. One later use was for olive oil, which is virtually smoke-free and can be used in cooking and lamps, and in many other ways. Olive History The olive tree (Olea europaea var. europaea) is thought to have been domesticated from the wild oleaster (Olea europaea var. sylvestris), at a minimum of nine different times. The earliest probably dates to the Neolithic migration into the Mediterranean basin, ~6000 years ago. Propagating olive trees is a vegetative process; that is to say, successful trees are not grown from seeds, but rather from cut roots or branches buried in the soil and allowed to root, or grafted onto other trees. Regular pruning helps the grower keep access to the olives in the lower branches, and olive trees are known to survive for centuries, some reportedly for as much as 2,000 years or more. Mediterranean Olives The first domesticated olives are likely from the Near East (Israel, Palestine, Jordan), or at least the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, although some debate persists about its origins and spread. Archaeological evidence suggests that the domestication of olive trees spread into the western Mediterranean and North Africa by the Early Bronze Age, ~4500 years ago. Olives, or more specifically olive oil, has a significant meaning to several Mediterranean religions: see the History of Olive Oil for a discussion of that. Archaeological Evidence Olive wood samples have been recovered from the Upper Paleolithic site of Boker in Israel. The earliest evidence of olive use discovered to date is at Ohalo II, where ca 19,000 years ago, olive pits and wood fragments were found. Wild olives (oleasters) were used for oils throughout the Mediterranean basin during the Neolithic period (ca 10,000-7,000 years ago). Olive pits have been recovered from the Natufian period (ca 9000 BC) occupations in Mount Carmel in Israel. Palynological (pollen) studies on the contents of jars have identified the use of  olive oil presses by the early Bronze Age (ca 4500 years ago) in Greece and other parts of the Mediterranean. Scholars using molecular and archaeological evidence (presence of pits, pressing equipment, oil lamps, pottery containers for oil, olive timber, and pollen, etc.) have identified separate domestication centers in Turkey, Palestine, Greece, Cyprus, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Corsica, Spain, and France. DNA analysis reported in Diez et al. (2015) suggests that the history is complicated by admixture, connecting domesticated versions with wild versions throughout the region. Important Archaeological Sites Sites Archaeological sites important to understanding the domestication history of the olive include Ohalo II, Kfar Samir, (pits dated to 5530-4750 BC); Nahal Megadim (pits 5230-4850 cal BC) and Qumran (pits 540-670 cal AD), all in Israel; Chalcolithic Teleilat Ghassul (4000-3300 BC), Jordan; Cueva del Toro (Spain). Sources and Further Information Plant Domestication and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Breton C, Pinatel C, Mà ©dail F, Bonhomme F, and Bervillà © A. 2008. Comparison between classical and Bayesian methods to investigate the history of olive cultivars using SSR-polymorphisms. Plant Science 175(4):524-532. Breton C, Terral J-F, Pinatel C, Mà ©dail F, Bonhomme F, and Bervillà © A. 2009. The origins of the domestication of the olive tree. Comptes Rendus Biologies 332(12):1059-1064. Diez CM, Trujillo I, Martinez-Urdiroz N, Barranco D, Rallo L, Marfil P, and Gaut BS. 2015. Olive domestication and diversification in the Mediterranean Basin. New Phytologist 206(1):436-447. Elbaum R, Melamed-Bessudo C, Boaretto E, Galili E, Lev-Yadun S, Levy AA, and Weiner S. 2006. Ancient olive DNA in pits: preservation, amplification and sequence analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 33(1):77-88. Margaritis E. 2013. Distinguishing exploitation, domestication, cultivation, and production: the olive in the third millennium Aegean. Antiquity 87(337):746-757. Marinova, Elena. An experimental approach for tracing olive processing residues in the archaeobotanical record, with preliminary examples from Tell Tweini, Syria. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, Jan M. A. van der Valk, Soultana Maria Valamoti, et al., 20(5), ResearchGate, September 2011. Terral JF, Alonso N, Capdevila RBi, Chatti N, Fabre L, Fiorentino G, Marinval P, Jordà ¡ GP, Pradat B, Rovira N, et al. 2004. Historical biogeography of olive domestication ( Journal of Biogeography 31(1):63-77.Olea europaea L.) as revealed by geometrical morphometry applied to biological and archaeological material.

The Macroeconomic Situation in the USA - 646 Words

Micro-Economic Situation in the USA United States economy was faced with grim economic prospects that nearly plunged the economy into recession. The measures that were put in place by the Congress and the Federal Reserve Bank did make the US economy survive the recession scare that was realized in August 2011. This recession scare was occasioned by the figures generated from the July 29th GDP report (Bullard, 2011). The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) has however remained on the outlook and has warned the players in the financial markets of a possible downside risk originating from Europe. The basis of FOMC assertion was premised on European sovereign debt crisis that eroded the confidence households and businesses had in certain financial institutions. However, the drops in confidence have not impacted growth because large businesses have focused their growth strategies to Asia as opposed to Europe. Besides, households are less bothered by events unfolding in Europe which they consider too distant to make them ch ange their behavior (Bullard, 2011). As at January 2013, civilian unemployment rate stood at 7.9%. This was coupled with a four week moving average of 350,500 initial jobless claims (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2013). This means there was a 0.1 percentage increase in civilian unemployment rates considering that the civilian unemployment rate was 7.8% as at December 2012. There was also a +157 change in payroll employment as at January 2013. ForShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of the Deficit Surplus and Debt of the United States1225 Words   |  5 PagesTrade deficit refers to the situation when the value of imports exceeds the value of exports. This is synonymous to surplus when the nation has a surplus of imported goods. The whole affects the income of the USA during that given period hence affecting the national debt. 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Century Skills Free Essays

A New Method for a New Century The world is always changing, from the environment to the economy, from stock market crashes to global warming. With so many uncertainties, one thing remains ABA solute: students will not be prepared to face the challenges presented by today’s changing w oral if the schools’ methods of education remain the same. The concept of the integration of 21st century skills into school curriculums has been an ongoing debate for some time now While opponents argue that such skills should not replace the current system, which focuses primarily on the memorization of content, proponents defend their contempt ray methods, advocating 21st century skills and the importance of their understanding in the fastened, intermediate society that exists today. We will write a custom essay sample on Century Skills or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both arguments, however, are supported with valid facts, many of which cannot be ignored. Because of the benefits of both methods of learning, a General Education class emphasizing the understanding and integration of 21st century skills in the work force and other environments should be required for all students at College of the Canyons in order to strengthen their ability sees and create a fundamental base that will help prepare them to enter the workforce. Schools cannot ignore the fact that the very next step for the vast majority of student following the completion of their education is the securing of a Job in a career field the at functions in the modern world. In such a competitive workforce, students cannot be successful if the education they received focuses solely on the memorization of content NT rather than the application of skills. What good is an extensive grasp of facts if nothing g can be done with that knowledge? We need to ensure that all students are critical thinks RSI and problem solvers, that students can take on complex problems,† said Page Johnson, a POP board member and worldwide manager for K 12 education at Intel Corp.. This is where the benefits of 21st century skills come in. Such skills include learning and innovation skill Is, information, media and technology skills, life and career skills, and an all around indispensable foundation students will be able to employ into their lives following SC hollo w. Where the heavy dependence of memorizing facts usually ends after one exits the SC hollow system, the need to understand and the ability to integrate 21st century skills only in creases significantly. Thirteen states have already begun to incorporate 21st century skills into their education system in different ways, such as Wisconsin, which has â€Å"overhauled its socio al studies curriculum in order to meet the criteria established by POP . As more begin to realize the importance of 21st century skills, College of the Canyons should follow in t he footsteps of those who have broadened the content of education taught at their SOHO Such skills should begin to be integrated into core classes, but to ensure that the full est. potentials of students learning these skills can be met, a General Education class foci used entirely on the utilization and understanding of 21st century skills should be added a acquirement for all students. This will ensure that students will not only master the c intent of their classes, but will be able to produce, evaluate, and synthesize the information the eye have learned in order to prepare themselves for their futures. Students would be able e to experience hands on activities and learn to thrive in a modern work environment thru cough interactive projects and the like, of which will sharpen skills ranging from communicant dive to technological. Opponents are firmly grounded to the belief that older methods of learning are essential to a student’s education. Richard Alienating, a professor at the University of Tennessee, advocates developing 18th century literacy, and claims that, â€Å"[t]he research, to date, has provided no evidence that having either computers or whiteboards in shoo Is has any positive effects on students’ reading and writing proficiencies,† and is rooted to t belief that libraries are essential in order to develop literate students. However, prop moments are not arguing against this. Rather, they are facing the inescapable fact that educate reform has become more and more necessary as society and technology further diva once. It is true that without the understanding of the content taught in school, students lace k the basic knowledge and rigor required to engage successfully in situations in which critic thinking, problem solving, and teamwork are crucial. However, without the skills of the e 21st century, students are left with much information, but little understanding of what to do with it. 1st century skills fuse content with skill, creating the best possible foundation of lea ring for students. The application of these skills is crucial not only for the education of today’s students, but for the success of tomorrows employees. Employers are not looking to ire encyclopedias in the guise of humans, but rather capable people who can adapt and evolve to the changing work environment and use the skills they’ve acquired in order to be competitive an d efficient. According to Michelle L. Casts, a Whole Life Coach, speaker, and author, the top ten skills for the new world of work include communication, create pity, technology, teamwork, flexibility, and information management, along with other trade sees that all fall under the category of the indispensable 21st century skills necessary for any looking to become a valuable asset to their company. Schools need to begin to teach dents skills that will enable them to do more than achieve passing scores on multi pale choice tests, because interviews don’t come with a cantors and a number two pencil The teaching of modern skills should not be a controversy in such a modern world. The incorporation of 21st century skills into school curriculum offers nothing but Ben felts, building upon past conceptions of learning and guiding students in order for them to adapt to today’s competitive workforce. The 2013 News STEM Solutions Conference address sees the sad truth that, the natural curiosity that small kids have, where they touch everything, experiment and discover the world, is being trained out of them as they grow up Lear inning things by rote to pass tests. † Education should not hinder one’s curiosity, but enable I t to grow. How to cite Century Skills, Papers

Globalisation Essay Example For Students

Globalisation Essay The phenomenon known as globalisationIntroductionTo begin with, tell them that they will need to look at the essay questions todayLater we will be doing a trial reflective exerciseLets look at GlobalisationMy storyWhen my colleagues and I were faced with redundancy we were placed in a unique position. Or perhaps it wasnt quite so unique, just unspoken; experts are not renowned for publicly applying their own theories to themselves. After years working as labour researchers or workplace change consultants we found ourselves in the position of having the stories we told other workers and their managements about why change was happening being reflected back to us by our managers and the people employed to facilitate our departures. We shifted from being purveyors of the discourses and narratives about why change was necessary to sitting in judgement of whether these very discourses and narratives applied to us, made sense to us, or were believable. Armed with more information than the a verage potentially redundant worker, we gathered around photocopiers, water coolers, staff room dining tables, coffee shop booths, each others desks and discussed, argued, complained, questioned. As labour researchers we turned on labour theories, as change consultants we turned on theories of workplace change, and asked ourselves and each other, Is what Ive been saying for the last ten years really the case in my case? Now that Im down there amongst it all instead of looking at it from the safety of an analysts lofty heights, does the story look and sound the same? The Globalisation StoryThe stories we told the workers went generally like this: Globalisation led to economic and industry restructuring which leads to organisational change which means jobs change which means you have to do things differently to how you did them before and if you do not change, you wont be able to give your customers what they want and you and your company and your country are gone (hereafter called T he Globalisation Story). Simple. Logical. Inexorable. Until we started telling it to ourselves and to each other.Then, with remarkable alacrity, we shifted from a reliance on causal explanation to an emphasis on interpretive understanding. Putting yourself inside the pictureWith many of us experts in different stories some were macroeconomists who understood globalisation theory, some of us were labour or industry economists who understood the theories of work and industry change, some were organisation researchers who knew about change management we started to pick holes in other peoples stories and they picked holes in ours, many with the preface, Your story doesnt work for me because We were forced, many of us for the first time, to look reflexively at our own stories about how the world works, and also at how the various stories fitted together into the one that we delivered with such assertive nonchalance at the many workplaces we visited. Mikhail Bakhtin had a way of describing this. Morson and Emerson (1989: 17-18) point to the distinction Bakhtin draws between knowledge and acknowledgement. Many writers, as my colleagues and I had done, take theories and knowledge as representative of our world but with ours elves outside of it. It is only when we find ourselves within that world when we are put in the position of having to acknowledge that knowledge as forming the content of our particular and singular worlds that we hesitate and question. We refuse to sign on, as it were. As Bakhtin argues, any sort of practical orientation of my life within the theoretical world is impossible: it is impossible to live in it, impossible to perform answerable deeds (1993: 9). He describes the distanced possession of knowledge that experts display as an alibi for being, an alibi for taking responsibility for what we say and do, of placing ourselves within the same world that we so willingly place others. .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765 , .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765 .postImageUrl , .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765 , .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765:hover , .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765:visited , .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765:active { border:0!important; } .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765:active , .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765 .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufa9bed25e68a6470054814205e871765:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Assisted Suicide Cannot Be A Right EssaySo what will I be talking about and how? How is important. Firstly, I argue that the macro literature orders perceived events in a particular way to demonstrate that globalisation or restructuring is happening, and a particular vocabulary of concepts is constructed to show how and why it is happening. These events, the writers argue, must be responded to

Kurt Vonnegut Essays (1898 words) - Kurt Vonnegut,

Kurt Vonnegut Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. is a contemporary American author whose works have been described by Richard Giannone as comic masks covering the tragic farce that is our contemporary life (Draper, 3784). Vonnegut's life has had a number of significant influences on his works. Influences from his personal philosophy, his life and experiences, and his family are evident elements in his works. Among his comic masks are three novels: Cat's Cradle, The Sirens of Titan, and God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater. Throughout these novels, elements such as attitude, detail, narrative technique, setting, and theme can be viewed with more understanding when related to certain aspects of his life. These correlations are best examined in terms of each influence. One of the most significant influences from Vonnegut's life on his personal philosophy has been his participation in World War II. During the war, Vonnegut served in the American army in Europe and was captured by German soldiers. As a prisoner of war, he witnessed the Allied bombing of the city of Dresden, in which more than 135,000 people died due to the resulting fires (Draper, 3785). This experience had a profound impact on Vonnegut. From it, he developed his existential personal philosophy and his ideas about the evils of technology. He states, I am the enemy of all technological progress that threatens mankind (Nuwer, 39). The influence of Dresden shows up in each of the novels. In Cat's Cradle, one element of his experience at Dresden that Vonnegut portrays is his fear of technology. Initially, the intention of the story is for the narrator to write about what the scientists who invented the atomic bomb were doing the day it was dropped on Hiroshima. To this effect, one of the scientists in the story said, Science has now known sin, to which another replied, What is sin? (Vonnegut, Cradle, 21). The focus on technology quickly changes to a material called ice-nine, which has the ability to freeze water at room temperature. This technological breakthrough, by a scientist who worked on developing the atomic bomb, has the ability to destroy the world by freezing all its water. Even though the people with ice-nine are very careful all through the plot, they lose control of it in the end and the world becomes frozen. With ice-nine, Vonnegut thematically demonstrates how relatively simple technology can lay waste to the world, as the Allies did to Dresden (Draper, 3785). Cat's Cradle is an excellent example of Vonnegut's existentialism, a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in. . . [an] indifferent universe, [and] regards human existence as unexplainable (Bookshelf '94). Before the novel even starts, just below the dedication, he declares, Nothing in this book is true. 'Live by the foma [harmless untruths] that make you brave and kind and healthy and happy' (Vonnegut, Cradle). Vonnegut carries this concept all through the story, that the universe is meaningless and each person must exist for oneself. He even goes to the extent of inventing a religion, Bokononism, with which humans attempt to make some sense of everything, while realizing that everything is nonsensical. Vonnegut's existential philosophy also takes the form of a religion in The Sirens of Titan. The Church of God the Utterly Indifferent is established, on the principle that puny man can do nothing at all to help or please God Almighty, and Luck is not the hand of God (Vonnegut, Sirens, 180). Toward the end of the story, two existential ideas are developed: first that human life is incomprehensible (in this case controlled by aliens from another planet for a trivial purpose), and second that people must make a meaning for life on their own. When one character states, The worst thing that could possibly happen. . . would be to not be used for anything by anybody, Vonnegut is suggesting that a good meaning for life might simply be to be useful (Vonnegut, Sirens, 310). The theme and plot of meaninglessness and uselessness mirror Vonnegut's experiences in the aftermath of Dresden (Amer. Lit. Bio., 301, 303-304). God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater also exhibits elements of Vonnegut's take on technology and existentialism in plot and theme. The protagonist, millionaire Eliot Rosewater,

Free Essays on What Home Is

It’s a place of comfort, somewhere we look forward to going to. Although some of us may not have created it in the structural matter, we created the atmosphere and warmth to ones personal liking. But besides representing our personality, what is so special about a person’s home? If you think about it, it’s just a place to eat, sleep, and keep possessions, right? Wrong, home is much more than a physical place, it makes a person feel good. Home is a dwelling place; the house in which a person or people live. A place of refuge and rest. It’s the locality where a thing is usually found, or was first found, or where it is naturally abundant. It is also ones native land, the place or country in which persons ancestors dwell or dwelt. All these are different definitions to home, but the one I want to concentrate on is the basic definition. As I think it is with everyone, it’s a place of safety for me, it’s somewhere I can relax and enjoy hobbies of mine. Even times when I’m away and having a good time with friends or something, I can still find myself happy and relieved to go there and relax. It’s a place where people can be themselves and control what they do. I remember going on our annual vacation every summer and relaxing while experiencing fun activities that I can’t experience too. But after the vacation is over and while driving home, even though I like to reflect on the great time I had just had, I can’t wait to get home. When I do I find myself immediately collapsing on a sofa or bed just happy to be there. I have experienced times when I haven’t wanted to go home though. The two most memorable occasions was when I got in an accident and a speeding ticket. It was really hard to go home after the accident because right after I had bought my car it started to have problems and I had used all the money to buy it, so I couldn’t pay for the problems that occurred. So realizing this, my father wo... Free Essays on What Home Is Free Essays on What Home Is It’s a place of comfort, somewhere we look forward to going to. Although some of us may not have created it in the structural matter, we created the atmosphere and warmth to ones personal liking. But besides representing our personality, what is so special about a person’s home? If you think about it, it’s just a place to eat, sleep, and keep possessions, right? Wrong, home is much more than a physical place, it makes a person feel good. Home is a dwelling place; the house in which a person or people live. A place of refuge and rest. It’s the locality where a thing is usually found, or was first found, or where it is naturally abundant. It is also ones native land, the place or country in which persons ancestors dwell or dwelt. All these are different definitions to home, but the one I want to concentrate on is the basic definition. As I think it is with everyone, it’s a place of safety for me, it’s somewhere I can relax and enjoy hobbies of mine. Even times when I’m away and having a good time with friends or something, I can still find myself happy and relieved to go there and relax. It’s a place where people can be themselves and control what they do. I remember going on our annual vacation every summer and relaxing while experiencing fun activities that I can’t experience too. But after the vacation is over and while driving home, even though I like to reflect on the great time I had just had, I can’t wait to get home. When I do I find myself immediately collapsing on a sofa or bed just happy to be there. I have experienced times when I haven’t wanted to go home though. The two most memorable occasions was when I got in an accident and a speeding ticket. It was really hard to go home after the accident because right after I had bought my car it started to have problems and I had used all the money to buy it, so I couldn’t pay for the problems that occurred. So realizing this, my father wo...

My dream car Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My dream car - Essay Example What more or less could I think of? I started thinking about this car when I was in the high school. I came to know about BMW by its excessive advertising and media exposure. My personal likeness was accompanied by the fame and prestige this car acquired. It further motivated me towards the aim of attaining it one day. At that time, I was a student. I was so fond of that car that I used to search about it on internet so as to discover about it, to have knowledge about its features and functions. I have saved about 1000 pictures of BMW in my computer. My dream car is in the attractive red color which seems very beautiful to me. My dream was fully supported by my plans to fulfill it. I started accumulating money in the school summer vacations. I researched the price of BMW and started working hard to collect the required amount of money. The BMW was worth $8000. I worked at 2 different places in order to achieve my target. By the end of my vacations, I observed that I am still way behind what I aimed to achieve. I could accumulate $4000 only in the vacations. By the start of my schools, my hopes were all shattered and I moved on to buy a cheaper car. I asked for help from my mother and others by seeking their advice and financial support. It was apparent that no one could lend me this huge amount at that time when I was not even done with my studies and was not able to get a reputable job. I used to believe that nothing in this world is impossible. It is quite true in most of the cases but under the circumstances that I faced, I failed to change the impossible factor to possible. The conditions were not going in my favor and it was turning hard for me to buy my dream car. I bought myself a car that was not too expensive, luxurious nor prestigious but instead was very economical, spacious and not much

Using Critical Thinking Effectively as a Leader Essay

Using Critical Thinking Effectively as a Leader - Essay Example Without critical thinking, chances of success as a leader are minimal. In this paper COBOL Systems, a fictitious IT company which deals in software and hardware, will be used as a reference point. The paper will focus on the critical thinking problems plaguing COBOL and how they can be solved. COBOL Systems manufactures and distributes computer software and hardware. It deals with several high-profile companies in the United States, taking care of their IT needs and offering technical support. The company was formed in 2002 by two young IT graduates with ambitious ideas on how to approach the IT segment. COBOL has since grown to become one of the largest IT firms in the United States. Revenues have grown and new branches have been opened to cater to serve their expanding clientele. It is not all good news however. The last 2 years have seen the company lose out on major deals to rivals, suffer a decline in market share, and launch underwhelming products. In January the board hired an auditing and consulting firm to help it determine what the problem was. There was a problem, that much was clear, but what was it? COBOL has a hierarchy-oriented culture. This means the company is structured, controlled, and leans heavily towards stability, efficiency and doing things right. This is not surprising considering COBOL is run by young, dynamic and highly-educated people who know what to do and how to get it done fast. However, this culture is unbalanced and lacks a quality desirable in all successful firms. Efficiency is not effectiveness, and quick execution does not mean excellent execution. The company lacks critical thinkers who can combine dynamism and efficiency with analytical sharpness to harness its potential. For instance, COBOL recently launched new risk management software that increased efficiency by 20 percent. However, the presentation and marketing of this software was so poor

What could be the expected positive and negative effects of European Essay

What could be the expected positive and negative effects of European Monetary Union on a member country's economy - Essay Example The European Monetary Union (EMU) has been such framework. However, the challenges related to the particular plan have been many. In practice, persuading the member states to align their fiscal and economic policies has been proved a challenging task. The gradual implementation of EMU across member states has been considered as a strategy for controlling risks related to this initiative. The incorporation of ‘the principle of freedom of capital movement in the Treaty for the European Union’, in 1993, has been the starting point of EMU. At the next level, two important activities had to be performed for promoting EMU: ‘the introduction of the legislation related to EMU in all member states and the introduction of the common currency, the euro’. These activities that lasted from 1994 to 1998 have been incorporated in the second phase of EMU’s implementation. From January 1999 the third phase of this plan has started; this phase involves in the replaceme nt of national currencies of member states by euro. In practice, it has been proved that EMU can result to both positive and negative effects for member states. The particular issue is explored in this paper. Reference is made to UK and Spain, as examples, for showing the positive and negative effects of EMU both for countries within the euro zone and for those that are outside the euro zone. In this way also, the potential implications of the entry of a member state in Euro zone are made clear. 2. Which could be the expected positive and negative effects of European Monetary Union on a member country's economy? The participation of countries in a monetary union has been related to a series of benefits. For the member states that participate in EMU these benefits would be also available. According to Albertin (2008) one of the most important benefits of participating in a monetary union is ‘the significant increase of bilateral trade between the countries that have joined such union’ (Albertin 2008, p.3). It is not made clear though whether this benefit can continue in the long term or whether it is related only to the initial period of a country’s entrance in a moneta ry union. On the other hand, a monetary union can protect its members against strong market turbulences. Indeed, during strong financial crises the countries that are members of a monetary union can easier keep their economy stabilized at the level that their interest rates are not highly affected by the crisis, at least not so high as the rates of the countries that do not participate on monetary unions (Farina and Tamborini 2008, p.152). The recent financial crisis can be considered as an indicative example of the above case; the countries that are members of EMU have managed to protect their economy from extensive losses, mostly because they have been under the protection of EMU (Tausch and Heshmati 2012). The fact that not all members of EMU have managed to secure their economy against the global crisis is not related solely to their participation in EMU but it has been also related to their existing fiscal and social policies (Tausch and Heshmati 2012). In any case, the potenti als of a monetary union ‘to protect its members against asymmetric shocks’ (De Grauwe 2012, p.27) seem to be high. Another important benefit of monetary unions is

Private, public and voluntary sector

Private, public and voluntary sector In my assignment Im going to look at the different between three types of organisation which divided to privet sector, public sector and voluntary sector. As we know about the organisation are group of people who are working together, and the privet sector is the organization who is making special profit to develop his/her own company and it made up of sole proprietor , partnership and franchise which I provide it on Tesco as an example . A public sector is owned by the government so it is a public corporations .finally the voluntary sector which is known by non-profit sector owned by both the government and individual charities and going to use Oxfam as an example. The mostly for-profit benefit is the privet sector and it gets the benefit to the maximum extent while the public sector is going out to meet the needs of individuals rather than for-profit and non-profit sector not-for-profit. In any organisation there must be a goal , which they target that goal or that objectives of the organisation so, there is no reason to meaning-based. Each type of organisition has goal and objective . Tesco was established as a local small business to sell goods and expand all over UK becoming a privet business and then after few years later they opened branches over Europe. Tesco has 3,751 branches all over the word and over 70 million costumers .Tesco aims to make profit they aim to do with launch of a new product and services. The purpose of Tesco is to sell products to customers in cases, even at a loss, but they make it through the sale of other products at mark up. SWOT analysis is a very useful tool for understanding and decision-making for all types of situations in business and organizations. SWOT is an acronym for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The SWOT analysis headings provide a good framework for reviewing strategy, position and direction of the company or business proposal, or any other nation. SWOT analysis is mainly used for business planning, strategic planning, competitor evaluation, marketing, and business and product development and research reports. The SWOT analysis is an objective assessment of the data organized by the Coordinating Committee for the drudgery of a logical order that helps understanding, presentation, discussion and decision-making. Four dimensions is an extension of the useful list of two basic title for pro and con. SWOT analysis can be used for all types of decision-making, SWOT template can be considered proactive, rather than relying on the usual reactions or instinctive. The application of tools for more efficient, let us consider that the product is being launched in a foreign country Pestle: Designer originally from the work of environmental scanning, and pest or pestle analysis is an analysis of the external environment macro (big picture) in a business that works. These are often factors outside the control or influence in the business, but it is important to be aware of when doing product development, business planning or strategy. Analysis and pestle is often used to go public tool, and find out where the organization or the product is in the context of what is happening outside of this will have some impact at the point of what is happening within the organization. The analysis of the pestle is a business measurement tool, and considers factors external to the organization. Often used in strategic analysis within the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis). Address pestle analysis and a framework to review the situation, and can also be used to review the strategy or position and direction of the company, a proposal, marketing, or idea. There are many variables on this form, including an analysis of the lesions and analysis of the steeple.

Drivers Essay -- essays research papers

Drivers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trying to sort out what type of driver a person might be is an extremely challenging task. In a person’s own mind, they think they are the aggressive type of driver, or the cautious type, but no one will ever admit that they are the “I got my license in a cracker jacks box driver';. The only fact that is certain about a person is they are never always aggressive or cautious while they drive. A person’s driving type varies from time, place, and, the most important reason, their attitudes affect one’s driving style.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The roads today are filled with all types of drivers, but one of the worst drivers is the hot shot or aggressive drivers. All the time, day after day, people encounter these maniacs, who drive like they think they are invincible. The short period of time that I have been driving, I have encountered some crazy drivers. The first hotshot driver I saw, was actually two teens who were drag racing down the streets going ninety mph or faster. While they were racing, one of the two cars was actually driving on the opposite lane. Other experiences I have encountered were a high performance bike that was weaving in and out of cars just because he didn’t want to stop. This biker was going real fast for what he was doing he reminded me of a cop chasing a robber movie of just how fast the bike was ...